WLAN (Wirelss Local Area Network) and WWAN (Wireless Wide Area Network) Integration

MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching)

The technology is to steer IP traffic onto a variety of routes instead of the single one discovered by an interior gateway protocol such as Border Gateway Protocol, to avoid congestion or failures, or to enable a particular class of service or guaranteed service level.

Photonic network Integration

-The fast growth of aggregated Internet traffic and development of new telecommunication applications such as supercomputer interconnections, interactive TV, multimedia, GRID computing, storage area networks, as well as telemedicine applications are subject to a tremendous bandwidth demand. This demand on more and more bandwidth can be satisfied by employing optical fibers, and thus, photonic networks

Wireless network Integration

-Infrastructure wireless mesh networks: Mesh routers form an infrastructure for clients.
-Client wireless mesh networks: Client nodes constitute the actual network to perform routing and configuration functionalities.
-Hybrid wireless mesh networks: Mesh clients can perform mesh functions with other mesh clients as well as accessing the network